مهندسی سیستم و بهره‌وری

مهندسی سیستم و بهره‌وری

یک رویکرد نظریه بازی برای بررسی تأثیر بازرسی در جلوگیری از تولید داروی بی کیفیت با در نظر گرفتن امکان پیشنهاد دادن رشوه از طرف تولیدکننده به ناظر

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 کارشناسی ارشد، گروه مهندسی صنایع، دانشکده مهندسی صنایع و سیستم‌ها، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران
2 نویسنده مسئول: استادیار، گروه مهندسی صنایع، دانشکده علوم مهندسی، دانشگاه صنعتی قوچان، قوچان، ایران
چکیده
در سال‌های اخیر تعداد زیادی از حوادث در ارتباط با داروهای تقلبی یا کیفیت پایین در کشورهای مختلفی اتفاق افتاده است. ازآنجایی‌که دارو یک کالای مهم و استراتژیک محسوب می‌شود باید از سالم و ایمن بودن آن اطمینان داشت. به همین منظور دولت‌ها باید این مراقبت را انجام داده و رویکردهای پیشگیرانه‌ای را در خصوص عدم ورود داروهای تقلبی و بی‌کیفیت به چرخه سلامت اتخاذ نمایند. یکی از ابزارهای متداول جهت جلوگیری از این امر بازرسی است. این بازرسی می‌تواند با اطلاع قبلی و یا بدون اطلاع قبلی صورت گیرد. همچنین در بازرسی‌هایی که صورت می‌گیرد، امکان دارد برخی شرکت‌ها پیشنهاد رشوه به کارشناسان و بازرسان دهند تا گزارش مربوط به بازرسی را به‌صورت صحیح ارسال نکنند. ما در نظر داریم در مسئله حاضر که شامل یک تولیدکننده دارو و یک ناظر می‌باشد، برای اولین بار مفهوم پیشنهاد رشوه در بازرسی را بررسی کرده و با توجه به چندعاملی بودن ماهیت مسئله، آن را با رویکرد نظریه بازی مدل‌سازی و حل نماییم. در همین رابطه، سناریوهای مختلفی بر اساس امکان کشف عیب و پذیرش یا عدم پذیرش رشوه پیشنهادی در نظر گرفته‌شده است. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل عددی مسئله نشان می‌دهد که بسته به میزان جرائم و رشوه پیشنهادی، امکان کنترل و نظارت بر روی محصولات تولیدی توسط سیاست‌گذار وجود دارد.

تازه های تحقیق

  • افزایش داروهای تقلبی یا بی‌کیفیت مستلزم بازرسی‌های شدیدتر دولتی است.
  • بازرسی‌ها، چه اعلام‌شده یا اعلام‌نشده، می‌توانند تحت تأثیر تلاش‌های رشوه‌خواری قرار گیرند.
  • مدل‌های نظریه بازی، سناریوهای مربوط به رشوه در بازرسی‌های مواد مخدر را برای سیاست‌گذاری مؤثر بررسی می‌کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

A Game theory Approach to Investigate the Effect of Inspection in Preventing the Production of Low-Quality Drugs, Considering the Possibility of Offering a Bribe from the Manufacturer to the Supervisor

نویسندگان English

Mohammad Amin Nabi-Sarvestani 1
Soroush Safarzadeh 2
1 M.Sc., Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
2 Corresponding author: Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran
چکیده English

In recent years, a large number of incidents related to counterfeit or low-quality drugs have occurred in various countries. Since medicine is considered an important and strategic commodity, it must be ensured that it is safe and sound. For this reason, governments must exercise this care and adopt preventive approaches to prevent counterfeit and low-quality drugs from entering the health cycle. One of the common tools to prevent this is inspection. This inspection can be carried out with or without prior notice. Also, in the inspections that are carried out, some companies may offer bribes to experts and inspectors so that they do not send the inspection report correctly. In the present problem, which involves a drug manufacturer and an inspector, we intend to examine for the first time the concept of offering bribes in inspections and, given the multifactorial nature of the problem, model and solve it with a game theory approach. In this regard, various scenarios have been considered based on the possibility of detecting defects and accepting or not accepting the proposed bribe. The results of the numerical analysis of the problem show that depending on the number of crimes and bribes proposed, it is possible for policymakers to control and monitor manufactured products.
Suggested, it is possible to control and monitor the manufactured products by the policy maker

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Drug monitoring
Healthcare system
Game theory
Bribery

Copyright ©, Mohammad Amin Nabi-Sarvestani, Soroush Safarzadeh

 

License

This article is released under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone is free to copy, share, translate, and adapt this article for any purpose, whether commercial or non-commercial, as long as proper citation is given to the authors and original publication.

Al-Zogbi, L. M., Das, D., Rundle, P., & Pecht, M. (2019). Breaking the trust: How companies are failing their customers. IEEE access, 7, 52522-52531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2912334.
Atella, V., Bhattacharya, J., & Carbonari, L. (2008). Pharmaceutical industry, drug quality and regulation: evidence from US and Italy (No. w14567). National Bureau of Economic Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w14567.
Ball, G. P., Shah, R., & Wowak, K. D. (2018). Product competition, managerial discretion, and manufacturing recalls in the US pharmaceutical industry. Journal of Operations Management, 58, 59-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2018.04.003.
Becker, G. S. (1968). Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach. The economic dimensions of crime/Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/259394.
Cawthorn, D. M., & Mariani, S. (2017). Global trade statistics lack granularity to inform traceability and management of diverse and high-value fishes. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 12852. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12301-x.
Chen, L., & Lee, H. L. (2017). Sourcing under supplier responsibility risk: The effects of certification, audit, and contingency payment. Management Science, 63(9), 2795-2812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2466.
Christmann, R., & Klein, D. (2024). Game theory, compliance, and corporate criminal liability: Insights from a three-player inspection game. Decision Analytics Journal, 11, 100431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dajour.2024.100431.
Cockburn, R., Newton, P. N., Agyarko, E. K., Akunyili, D., & White, N. J. (2005). The global threat of counterfeit drugs: why industry and governments must communicate the dangers. PLoS Medicine, 2(4), e100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020100.
Dechenaux, E., & Samuel, A. (2014). Announced vs. surprise inspections with tipping-off. European Journal of Political Economy, 34, 167-183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2014.01.001.
Dechenaux, E., & Samuel, A. (2015). Regulatory inspection regimes and oligopoly competition. Available at SSRN 2739133. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=2739133.
Dechenaux, E., & Samuel, A. (2016). Optimal fines under announced and surprise inspections. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 18(5), 786-801. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12166.
Deutsch, Y., Goldberg, N., & Perlman, Y. (2019). Incorporating monitoring technology and on-site inspections into an n-person inspection game. European Journal of Operational Research, 274(2), 627-637. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2018.10.012.
DuHadway, S., & Narasimhan, R. (2021). Subverting process‐based controls: Oscillation in automotive recalls and a simulation on opportunism within a network. Decision Sciences, 52(6), 1326-1363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12472.
DuHadway, S., Mena, C., & Ellram, L. M. (2022). Let the buyer beware: how network structure can enable (and prevent) supply chain fraud. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 42(2), 125-150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-05-2021-0310.
DuHadway, S., Talluri, S., Ho, W., & Buckhoff, T. (2020). Light in dark places: The hidden world of supply chain fraud. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 69(4), 874-887. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2019.2957439.
Fassam, L., & Dani, S. (2017). A conceptual understanding of criminality and integrity challenges in food supply chains. British Food Journal, 119(1), 67-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-07-2016-0314
Fiene, R. (1996). Unannounced vs. Announced Licensing Inspections in Monitoring Child Care Programs.
Goodman, C., Kachur, S. P., Abdulla, S., Bloland, P., & Mills, A. (2007). Drug shop regulation and malaria treatment in Tanzania—why do shops break the rules, and does it matter?. Health Policy and Planning, 22(6), 393-403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czm033
Gray, J. V., Anand, G., & Roth, A. V. (2015). The influence of ISO 9000 certification on process compliance. Production and Operations Management, 24(3), 369-382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12252.
Handley, S. M., & Gray, J. V. (2013). Inter‐organizational quality management: The use of contractual incentives and monitoring mechanisms with outsourced manufacturing. Production and Operations Management, 22(6), 1540-1556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2012.01351.x.
Hengster, P., Hermann, M., Pirkebner, D., Draxl, A., & Margreiter, R. (2005, October). Islet isolation and GMP, ISO 9001: 2000: what do we need—a 3-year experience. In Transplantation proceedings (Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 3407-3408). Elsevier.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.0.9.075
Jacobs, B. W., & Singhal, V. R. (2020). Shareholder value effects of the Volkswagen emissions scandal on the automotive ecosystem. Production and Operations Management, 29(10), 2230-2251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13228.
Jia, J., & Zhao, H. (2017). Mitigating the US drug shortages through pareto‐improving contracts. Production and Operations Management, 26(8), 1463-1480. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12697
Johnson & Johnson to Pay More Than $2.2 Billion to Resolve Criminal and Civil Investigations. 2013; Available from: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/johnson-johnson-pay-more-22-billion-resolve-criminal-and-civil-investigations.
Kim, S. H. (2015). Time to come clean? Disclosure and inspection policies for green production. Operations Research, 63(1), 1-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2015.1345.
Lazear, E. P. (2006). Speeding, terrorism, and teaching to the test. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(3), 1029-1061. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.121.3.1029.
Lee, H. H., & Li, C. (2018). Supplier quality management: Investment, inspection, and incentives. Production and Operations Management, 27(2), 304-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12802.
Lin, Q., Zhao, Q., & Lev, B. (2020). Cold chain transportation decision in the vaccine supply chain. European Journal of Operational Research, 283(1), 182-195.. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2019.11.005.
Manning, L. (2016). Food fraud: Policy and food chain. Current Opinion in Food Science, 10, 16-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2016.07.001.
Oyedijo, A. (2024). Relationships between disruptions and unethical procurement and supply chain practices: Insights from the covid-19 pandemic. In The Palgrave Handbook of Supply Chain Management (pp. 1009-1034). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19884-7_53.
Padilla Bravo, C., Villanueva Ramírez, I., Neuendorff, J., & Spiller, A. (2013). Assessing the impact of unannounced audits on the effectiveness and reliability of organic certification. Organic Agriculture, 3, 95-109. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-013-0048-9.
Plambeck, E. L., & Taylor, T. A. (2016). Supplier evasion of a buyer’s audit: Implications for motivating supplier social and environmental responsibility. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 18(2), 184-197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2015.0550.
Polinsky, A. M., & Shavell, S. (2000). The economic theory of public enforcement of law. Journal of Economic Literature, 38(1), 45-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.38.1.45.
Rodriguez, J. (2008). How to prepare for a systems-based inspection--understanding FDA's risk-based inspections approach. Journal of GXP Compliance, 12(2), 36-48.
Rui, H., & Lai, G. (2015). Sourcing with deferred payment and inspection under supplier product adulteration risk. Production and Operations Management, 24(6), 934-946. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12313.
Silvestre, B. S., Viana, F. L. E., & Sousa Monteiro, M. D. (2020). Supply chain corruption practices circumventing sustainability standards: wolves in sheep's clothing. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 40(12), 1873-1907. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-06-2019-0454.
Simangunsong, E., Hendry, L. C., & Stevenson, M. (2016). Managing supply chain uncertainty with emerging ethical issues. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 36(10), 1272-1307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-12-2014-0599.
Wang, S., Sun, P., & de Véricourt, F. (2016). Inducing environmental disclosures: A dynamic mechanism design approach. Operations Research, 64(2), 371-389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2016.1476.
Waters, A. B., VanDerslice, J., Porucznik, C. A., Kim, J., DeLegge, R., & Durrant, L. (2013). Examination of the association between announced inspections and inspection scores. Journal of Environmental Health, 76(2), 8-13.
Welsh, T., Alrimawi, F., Farahani, A., Hassett, D., Zisman, A., & Nuseibeh, B. (2022). Topology-aware adaptive inspection for fraud in I4. 0 supply chains. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 19(4), 5656-5666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2022.3205369.
Yan, X., Zhao, H., & Tang, K. (2015). Requirement or promise? An analysis of the first‐mover advantage in quality contracting. Production and Operations Management, 24(6), 917-933. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12315.
You, M., Li, S., Li, D., Cao, Q., & Xu, F. (2020). Evolutionary game analysis of coal-mine enterprise internal safety inspection system in China based on system dynamics. Resources Policy, 67, 101673. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101673.
Zhang, M., Zhang, J., Cheng, T. C. E., Hua, G., Yan, X., & Liu, Y. (2019). The effect of unannounced inspection on prevention of drug fraud. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, 28, 63-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11518-018-5382-8.
Zorn, A., Lippert, C., & Dabbert, S. (2012). Supervising a system of approved private control bodies for certification: the case of organic farming in Germany. Food Control, 25(2), 525-532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.11.013.
دوره 4، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 12
شماره پیاپی 12، فصلنامه پاییز
پاییز 1403
صفحه 49-62

  • تاریخ دریافت 09 مرداد 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری 21 شهریور 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش 30 شهریور 1403
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار 26 مهر 1403
  • تاریخ انتشار 26 مهر 1403