نوع مقاله : پژوهشی
تازه های تحقیق
عنوان مقاله English
نویسندگان English
The peak electricity demand–sustainable supply gap in smart cities is a nonlinear challenge that static models cannot address due to their inability to capture generative feedback structures. This study develops a system dynamics model to analyze the interaction of urban energy demand, renewable supply, demand-side management, and digital governance in Tehran's Ekbatan microgrid. The model is built upon six feedback loops: the reinforcing smart grid sustainability loop; the reinforcing demand-response adoption and social trust loop incorporating neighborhood conformity; the reinforcing digital governance co-evolution loop that endogenizes institutional maturity; and the balancing loops of dynamic pricing with rebound effects, low-carbon transition costs, and grid congestion. Implemented in Vensim DSS with 87 variables and calibrated using ten-year empirical data (RMSE <10%, R² >0.80), behavioral parameters were estimated via a field survey (n=66) and expert modeling workshop. Sensitivity analysis revealed capacity factor and depreciation rate as the most influential parameters on renewable share. Five 25-year scenarios were simulated. The optimal combined scenario, synergizing supply and demand measures, achieves a 23% CO₂ reduction, 20.1% effective renewable share, and consumer satisfaction above 0.70. The demand-centric scenario, despite an 18% peak-to-average reduction, lowers satisfaction to 0.58 and triggers a 40% rebound effect. The critical comfort threshold of 0.65 was identified, beyond which the trust-participation loop reverses. The Digital Governance Index rises from 0.18 to 0.56 in the combined scenario. Cost-effectiveness analysis shows the combined scenario is 54% more efficient than the supply-centric alternative. A sustainable transition requires smart meter coverage exceeding 60% and maintaining comfort levels above 0.65.
کلیدواژهها English
Copyright © Mohammadmehdi Kafshvandi, Saeed Givehchi, Gholamreza Nabi Bidhendi
License
This article is released under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone is free to copy, share, translate, and adapt this article for any purpose, whether commercial or non-commercial, as long as proper citation is given to the authors and original publication.